砂拉越古晉巴剎華人方言群及其產業(1840-1950)

Abstract

今日，古晉是馬來西亞東馬砂拉越的首府，過去，她曾經是砂拉越關鍵的發展區域，特別是位於砂拉越河岸的古晉巴剎，作為聯繫內外的貿易通商港口，代表著砂拉越的經濟發展。本研究關心的時間範圍起始於1840年代英國人布洛克家族將現代化國家概念帶入古晉，直到日本統治的戰後1950年代期間，即砂拉越加入馬來西亞以前，古晉巴剎華人方言群的社會變遷，並指出產業在其中扮演著決定性的影響。 本研究分成三個層次討論：第一，藉由歷史檔案的論證，說明布洛克政策，如何奠定砂拉越經濟發展基礎，特別在移民華人從事的甘蜜、胡椒、橡膠與碩莪等經濟作物的種植園生產。第二，藉由歷史文獻，探討華人方言群如何在參與古晉巴剎的過程，發展出巴剎華人社會與文化，主要討論潮州人、福建人及客家人如何形成社會主導與勢力交替的情形。第三，針對方言群與產業關係，指出由鄉下的生產到古晉巴剎的交易到國際市場貿易的經濟作物流通，如何形成一套人際網路與商業貿易系統。 透過巴剎經濟發展的歷史分析，本研究認為，殖民經濟帶動之下，古晉巴剎範圍隨產業發展而擴大，再配合不同華人方言群參與的過程，說明古晉巴剎華人方言群社會的發展實際上是受到產業相當程度所決定與主導的。

Today, Kuching is the capital of Sarawak. In the past, Kuching was a crucial area of development of Sarawak. Kuching Waterfront Bazaar, located on the riverside of Sarawak River, as the main trade port connecting domestic and foreign business, especially represented the economic condition of Sarawak. This research aimed to study the social change of the Chinese Dialect groups in Kuching Bazaar from British Raja Brooke brought the concept of the modern country into Kuching in 1840s to Japanese colonial period in 1950s and point out that the economic activity played an important role during this period. In this research, the discussion was divided by three different levels. First, by demonstration of historical archives, explaining how Raja Brooke policy established the economic foundation for the development of Sarawak. Chinese immigrants engaged in the plantation production of cash crops, such as Gambier, Pepper, Rubber, Sago, etc. Second, by investigating the historical document, how Chinese Dialect groups developed the society and culture of Chinese as participating in Kuching Bazaar was probed. Also, the examples of Teochew, Fukien and Hakka groups leading the society and changing power were proposed. Third, by studying the relation between Chinese Dialect groups and economy activity, the author proposed how interpersonal network of and commercial trade system formed by the process of trading the cash crop produced from rural area to international market by the trading system in Bazaar. Based on the historical analysis of economic development in Bazaar, this study suggested that under the progress of colonial economy, the range of Kuching Waterfront Bazaar expanded with the economy development. Also, by studying the process of Chinese Dialect groups participating trades in Bazaar, it is demonstrated that the social development of Chinese Dialect groups in Kuching Bazaar was dominated by the economic activity.